The Food and Drug Administration has ordered stronger warnings on four medications widely used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and other serious illnesses, saying they can raise the risk of possibly fatal fungal infections. The drugs — Enbrel, Remicade, Humira and Cimzia — work by suppressing the immune system to keep it from attacking the body. For patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the treatment provides relief from swollen and painful joints. The drugs also lower the body’s defenses to various kinds of infections. According to Dr. Jeffrey Siegel, who heads the office for the FDA that oversees arthritis drugs, the agency became concerned after discovering that doctors seemed to be overlooking a particular kind of fungal infection called histoplasmosis. Of 240 cases reported to the FDA in which patients taking one of the four drugs developed this infection, a total of 45 died — about 20%.

The infection, which mimics the flu, is prevalent in much of the middle part of the country. It can have particularly grave consequences if it isn’t caught early and spreads beyond the respiratory system to other organs of the body. Dr. Siegel said the investigation began with a single case of a woman taking one of the drugs who died of histoplasmosis. When looking into the case, doctors at the FDA found that the woman had been sick with the fungal infection for a long time. The case caused concerns that there may be other situations in which doctors “may not recognize histoplasmosis,” according to Dr. Siegel.

FDA officials searched the agency’s database and found the 240 cases of patients taking the medications who had also developed the fungal infection. Of those, at least 21 appeared to involve a late diagnosis, and 12 of them — more than half — ultimately died. Dr. Siegel said the FDA’s order means that the risk of histoplasmosis will be flagged in a “black box,” the strongest warning information in a drug’s prescribing literature. The four medications already have black box warnings about the risk of infections, but the language varies from drug to drug.

Patients should call their doctors if they develop persistent fever, cough, shortness of breath or fatigue, which can be signs of the fungal infection. And the FDA is also urging doctors to consider aggressive use of antifungal drugs in patients who develop such symptoms, even if the infection has not been confirmed by a laboratory test. Siegel said such a decision should not be taken lightly, since antifungal drugs can also have dangerous side effects. Doctors should consider stopping treatment with the immune-suppressing drugs if patients develop infections. The four drugs belong to a class known as TNF-alpha blockers, and are considered a mainstay for treating rheumatoid arthritis, a disabling disease in which the immune system attacks the joints. They are also used to treat Crohn’s disease, juvenile arthritis, certain types of psoriasis, and other immune system disorders. All are taken by injection.

Separately, the FDA is investigating a possible link between the four medications and cancer in young patients. The agency said earlier this year it has received 30 reports of cancers, mainly lymphomas, in patients who began taking the medications when they were 18 or younger. That investigation is expected to take the rest of the year. Three of the drugs, Enbrel, Humira and Remicade, are considered blockbusters, with sales of over $1 billion annually for each. Cimzia is newer and less widely used. Humira is sold by North Chicago, Illinois-based Abbott Laboratories Inc; Cimzia by Belgium-based UCB; Enbrel by Thousand Oaks, California-based Amgen Inc. and Madison, New Jersey-based Wyeth; and Remicade by Horsham, Pa.-based Centocor, a unit of Johnson & Johnson; and Kenilworth, New Jersey-based Schering-Plough Inc.

Source: Associated Press

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